- it depends upon a phase difference between two signals transmitted simultaneously from a ground station
- position sensitive, NOT azimuth (i.e. no matter what direction you are facing, your instruments will give you the same VOR information about your position)
- line of sight: reception distance = 1.23 x sqrt(altitude above station)
Components:
- Omni Bearing Selector (OBS) >> select radials "FROM top, TO bottom"
- Course Deviation Indicator (CDI needle) >> centre to full scale is 10 degrees
- TO / FROM indicator >> directional ambiguity when crossing a radial 90 degrees from what is set on OBS
Tolerances:
- airway radials maintained by TC within +/- 3 degrees
- VOR checkpoint +/- 4 degrees
- dual VOR check +/- 4 degrees on ground or in air
- visual check over landmark +/- 6 degrees
To calculate distance (NM) from station:
- (groundspeed x time in minutes) / degrees of bearing change
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