Air Law Grab-Bag

Another random selection of Air Law trivia...

CAR 605.93 Technical Records - General
(4) Every person who brings into use a new volume of an existing technical record shall make the entries relating to the preceding volume that are necessary to ensure that an unbroken chronological record is maintained.

CAR 705.22 Operational Flight Plan

• PIC shall ensure a copy is left at a POD in accordance with procedures specified in COM
• airline shall keep a copy including any amendments for at least 90 days
• for commuters, the period is defined in the COM (CAR 704.17)
• if cruise segment is less than 30 minutes, may use an informal operational flight plan (CAR 725.22 and CAR 724.17)

CAR 705.94 Portable Oxygen

A 15 minute supply (with masks) must be available for each flight attendant on pressurized aircraft in airline operations above FL250. 

Reference AIM RAC 6.4.5

Along off-airways tracks, the airspace to be protected is 45 NM each side of that portion of the track which is beyond navigational and signal coverage range. 

Reference AIM RAC 8.1 IFR Enroute
If while on an IFR flight plan your ETA for a reporting point changes by more than 3 minutes, advise the appropriate ATS unit ASAP.

Canadian Domestic Routes

Reference AIM RAC 12.6

Use of Preferred Routes

• provides planning guidance, minimizes route changes, more efficient
• strongly encouraged, but not mandatory
• published in CFS

RNAV Routes

• Q-routes: high-level
• T-routes: low-level controlled 
• upward from 2200 AGL
• 10 NM each side of centre with MOCA protection 6 NM each side of centre
• L-routes: low-level uncontrolled
• MOCA protection 6 NM each side of centre
• Magnetic Reference Bearing published in SDA (reference only; RNAV systems will fly true course)

Position Reporting on Random Routes in NCA

• north-south: every 5 degrees of latitude with whole/half degree of longitude
• east-west (south of 75N): whole/half degrees of latitude with each 10 degrees of longitude
• east west (north of 75 N): whole/half degrees of latitude with each 20 degrees of longitude
• and of course, as requested by ATS

CMNPS = Canadian Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications (Reference AIM RAC 12.5)

• Laterally this includes the ACA, NCA, and a small portion of the SCA
• Vertical dimensions are FL330 to FL410

Polar Routes (Reference AIM RAC 12.6.7)

• aircraft need CMNPS certification
• must file designated polar fixes on the Achorage/Russian border but are otherwise random in Canadian airspace
• routing should be filed with a fix every 5 degrees of latitude

Transoceanic Flights

GOTA, RVSM, CMNPS, SLOP... it looks like we're having Alphabet soup for lunch!

CAR 602.39 Transoceanic Flights
If you want to fly a single engine aircraft or multi-engine that cannot maintain flight in the event of an engine failure over the high seas:

• pilot needs an instrument rating
• aircraft equipped as per CAR 605.18 + HF radio + hypothermia protection for each person on board
• sufficient fuel as per CAR 602.88 + additional 10%

Reference AIM RAC 11.0 North Atlantic Operations and ICAO NAT Doc 007

NAT MNPS = North Atlantic Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications

• compliance with NAT MNPS airspace is required by all aircraft operating between 
• FL285 and FL420 AND
• between 27 N and the North Pole AND
• Oceanic Control Areas: Reykjavik, Gander, New York, Shanwick, Santa Maria
• aircraft must be equipped with two fully functioning long range navigation systems (LRNS).  A LRNS may be one of the following:
• one Inertial Navigation System (INS)
• one Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
• one navigation system using the inputs from one or more Inertial Reference System (IRS) or any other sensor system complying with the MNPS requirement.
• for eastbound and westbound traffic
• south of 70 N, the planned tracks shall be defined at each half or whole degree of latitude and each 10 degrees of longitude
• north of 70 N, the planned tracks shall be defined at latitudes expressed in degrees/minutes and each 20 degrees of longitude
• for northbound and southbound traffic
• the planned tracks shall be defined at latitudes spaced at 5 degrees and whole degrees of longitude

Fuel Requirements

Fuel is probably one of the highest costs associated with the operation of an aircraft, so it makes sense that operators are always looking for ways to be more fuel efficient.  Extra fuel also means extra weight, which could otherwise be designated to paying passengers or cargo.  That being said, we know there are legal requirements for the minimum fuel on-board to cover various 'what if' scenarios.  

CAR 602.88 Fuel Requirements (General)

• Day VFR: destination + 30 min at cruise
• Night VFR: destination + 45 min at cruise

• IFR (prop)
• destination, approach, missed approach, alternate + 45 min
• if no alternate: destination, approach, missed approach + 45 min
• IFR (jet)
• destination, approach, missed approach, alternate + 30 min
• if no alternate: destination, approach, missed approach + 30 min

• All aircraft also need enough fuel to provide for:
• taxi, foreseeable delays prior to take-off
• weather
• foreseeable traffic delays
• loss of cabin pressure
• loss of engine at critical point
• any other foreseeable delays

CAR 704.20 Fuel Requirements (Commuter)
In addition to above,

• IFR
• descent to lower of single-engine service ceiling or 10000
• cruise at lower altitude to suitable aerodrome
• approach, missed approach
• hold for 30 min at 1500 AAE

CAR 705.25 Fuel Requirements (Airline)

• VFR: destination + 45 min at cruise

• IFR
• over designated routes / areas: destination + 5%
• descent to lower of single-engine service ceiling or 10000
• cruise at lower altitude to suitable aerodrome
• approach, missed approach
• hold for 30 min at 1500 AAE

Critical Point

Also known as... should we return to our point of departure or continue to our destination after an engine failure, if there is no suitable alternate nearby?

Info you need:

• total distance (D)
• reduced (OEI) groundspeed home (RH)
• reduced (OEI) groundspeed out (RO)

For calculating groundspeeds, you need:

• track
• true airspeed
• wind direction and speed

And for calculating the time to the CP, you need

• AEO groundspeed out (GO)

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Formulae:

• Distance to CP = (D x RH) / (RO + RH)
• Time to CP = DCP / GO

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An increase in the tailwind component:

• decreases RH
• increases RO
• moves distance to CP closer to point of departure
• decreases time to CP